
| The Kaska people, who inhabited northern Anatolia during the Bronze Age, are known only from Hittite historical records.
The Kaska people, who inhabited northern Anatolia during the Bronze Age, are known only from Hittite historical records. However, archaeologists have recently discovered artifacts directly associated with these tribes for the first time.
Archaeologists have discovered Bronze Age artifacts during excavations at the Inonu Caves in northern Turkey that may be the first material evidence of the Kaska people, a people previously known only from Hittite records, Arkeonews reports.
The Kaska, also known as the Kaskans, Gags, or Kaskia, were an ancient group that inhabited the remote valleys between the northern borders of the Hittite Empire and the Black Sea. According to historical records, they were engaged in pig farming and flax weaving, but left no written record or permanent cities.

Historical records from Hittite sources depict the Kascians as formidable raiders who, taking advantage of their mountainous terrain, raided the Hittite Empire. Around 1400 BC, they successfully captured key Hittite religious cities, including Nerik and Zalpa, cementing their place in history as a constant opponent of the empire.
The third layer of Inyonyu Cave, dating to the Late Bronze Age (1650-1200 BC), has yielded important artifacts associated with this little-known people. Hamza Ekmen, the scientific director of the excavation, said the objects found, including tools, weapons and seals, bear similarities to Hittite artifacts but stand out with their unique characteristics, indicating their cultural identity.
Excavations at Inyonu Cave have also revealed its significance as the oldest known settlement in the western Black Sea region, with evidence of human habitation dating back 6 years, during the Neolithic period. Archaeologists have found objects from five different periods of settlement, including materials associated with the Hittites, the dominant civilization of the Late Bronze Age. Among the artifacts found are a dagger identical to one found at the Hittite city of Shapinuwa, and wooden platforms believed to have served as storage or living quarters.
Ekman noted the importance of these discoveries for future research, saying that Inyonyu Cave may be the first archaeological site that can be directly linked to the Kaska people. "The location of the cave and the artifacts are closely related to descriptions in Hittite texts, which is important evidence for the existence of Kaska," he explained.
The site, now under protection, continues to be a center of archaeological research. Excavations aim to further unravel the mysteries surrounding Kas and their interactions with neighboring civilizations, providing valuable information about the history of Anatolia.
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