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Countries in Europe are publishing pamphlets with advice on how to build a bunker, stock up on food and survive without electricity should the worst happen and a full-scale war erupts on the continent.
The Guardian writes about how the population of European countries is preparing for war.
Among the measures highlighted in the paper are the launch of a mobile app in Germany to help people find the nearest bunker in the event of an attack, a 32-page booklet called "If Crisis or War Comes" in Sweden, and an emergency preparedness guide that half a million Finnish citizens have already downloaded it.
Sweden
"We live in uncertain times. Currently, armed conflicts are raging in our corner of the world. Terrorism, cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns are used to undermine us and influence us," reads the prologue of the Swedish pamphlet.
This booklet states that collective resistance is essential and that if Sweden is attacked, "everyone must do their part to protect Sweden's independence and our democracy... be part of Sweden's overall emergency preparedness".
Swedes have long been familiar with such public information brochures: the first was published during World War II.
Among other things, the current brochure includes recommendations for a warning system, bomb shelters, digital security and even advice on how to use the toilet if there is no water.
It is also recommended that you maintain an adequate supply of water at home (and check annually that it is still safe), provide enough blankets, warm clothing and alternative heating, purchase a radio with batteries and have energy-dense foods that can be cooked quickly.
Norway
Norway's Civil Protection Agency distributed a similar brochure to the country's 2,6 million households.
"We live in an increasingly turbulent world, affected by climate change, digital threats and, in the worst case scenario, military action," the brochure reads.
The Norwegian brochure advises people, for example, to stock up on non-perishable food for at least a week, including "crackers, tinned beans and beans, tinned sandwiches, energy bars, dried fruit, chocolate, honey, biscuits and nuts".
Norway also advises residents to stock up on essential medicines - including iodine tablets in case of a nuclear incident - and, like Sweden, advises people to carry several bank cards and keep cash at home.
Finland
In Finland, a comprehensive online guide called "Incident and Crisis Preparedness" provides residents with information and advice on everything from water outages to forest fires, internet outages or "protracted crises...such as military conflicts".
Finland, which shares a 1340-kilometer border with Russia, is asking its citizens: "Can you last 72 hours?" in a series of crisis situations, inviting them to submit themselves to a series of tests to test their skills and reserves.
The site offers advice on building psychological resilience "to increase the ability to cope in difficult circumstances", improving personal cyber security and staying at home ("Close doors and windows. Turn on the radio. Calmly wait for instructions").
Suvi Aksela of the National Women's Association for Emergency Preparedness said it was considering increasing Finland's recommended food stocks to a full week, as Sweden and Norway have done. But in the end the committee decided not to do that.
“72 hours has become a brand here in Finland, so we didn't want to disturb that. But this is the minimum term," she noted.
According to her, Russia's war against Ukraine became a "signal flag" in this country: women went to training courses, battery-powered radios flew off the shelves, and questions like "how much water do you have at home" or "do you have a camp stove?" " became commonplace.
Germany
Meanwhile, Germany is focusing on increasing the number of bunkers and storage facilities, as the country of 84 million people is officially estimated to have fewer than 600 state-run storage facilities that can hold only 480 people combined.
Many Cold War-era storage facilities were dismantled in the mistaken belief that they would no longer be needed. Berlin has now launched a national bunkering plan led by the Federal Office for Civil Protection, including a geolocation phone app.
Experts predict that a Russian attack could become likely within the next five years, and searches are underway for any structures that could be used in such a case, including subway stations and the basements of government offices, schools and town halls.
German households have been urged to adapt their basements, garages or sheds or dig up old bunkers, while developers will be required by law to provide safe shelters in new homes - as Poland has already done.
The Frankfurter Allgemeiner newspaper this month published details of a 1000-page military document aimed at German business, which, for example, recommended training more truck drivers but included civilian training recommendations for individuals.
